Arctopus echinatus spiny leaf margins

These glossy green Arctopus echinatus leaves have their veins recessed on the dark to yellow green blades in picture. The reticulation of the secondary veins create a quilted appearance for the upper surfaces. The leaves are ovate in shape to nearly round, overlapping on the ground. Yellow or brown marginal leaf spines vary in size.

This is a female plant. Its densely clustered flowers are surrounded by spine-tipped bracts that also have one or two inflexed lateral spines each (Manning, 2007; Bean and Johns, 2005; iNaturalist).